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    <title>Evaluating the Native Oxide of Titanium as an Electrocatalyst for Oxalic Acid Reduction</title>
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    <note>Additional funding: The Petroleum Technology Development Fund, Nigeria (PTDF/ED/OSS/PHD/HA/1638/19).</note>
    <abstract>Oxalic acid holds considerable promise as a sustainable chemical feedstock because it can be directly synthesised from carbon dioxide gas with high selectivity through electrochemical or catalytic methods. Oxalic acid is used in various industrial processes as a precursor to other chemicals, including glyoxylic and glycolic acids. During the electrochemical reduction of oxalic acid, Amin et al. reported that oxalic acid is first reduced by two electrons to give glyoxylic acid. Glycolic acid can then be produced by further reduction in a sequence of concerted two-proton, two-electron transfers (Fig. 1). Herein, we show that unmodified titanium electrodes bearing the naturally-forming native TixOy coating display superior activity for the electroreduction of oxalic acid to glyoxylic acid and glycolic acid compared to Ti-based electrodes that have been deliberately modified for this purpose, in terms of both oxalic acid conversion and overall yields of reduced products.</abstract>
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